Allergies: What Are They and How Can You Manage Them?

Allergies occur when your immune system overreacts to harmless substances like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. These substances, called allergens, are mistakenly seen as threats by your immune system. This triggers a series of reactions in your body, leading to the familiar symptoms of an allergic reaction.

Think of your immune system as an army protecting your body from invaders like bacteria and viruses. When it detects an allergen, it produces antibodies, specifically IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells. These mast cells then circulate in your body and can recognize the allergen, a process known as sensitization.

The first contact with an allergen doesn't necessarily mean you've developed an allergy. Most people build a tolerance, meaning their immune system won't react to future exposures. However, in some individuals, the first contact can lead to an allergy. On subsequent exposures, the IgE antibodies attach to the allergen again, causing mast cells to release histamine and other substances quickly. This leads to inflammation and symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and shortness of breath.